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The 38th Chess Olympiad, organized by FIDE and comprising an open〔Although commonly referred to as the ''men's division'', this section is open to both male and female players.〕 and a women's tournament, as well as several other events designed to promote the game of chess, took place between 12–25 November 2008 in Dresden, Germany.〔(FIDE Calendar 2008 )〕 There were 146 teams in the open event and 111 in the women's event. In total, 1277 players were registered. Both tournament sections were officiated by international arbiter Ignatius Leong (Singapore). In a change from recent Olympiads, the number of rounds of the Swiss system were reduced from 13 to 11 with accelerated pairings. For the first time, the women's division, like the open division, was played over four boards per round, with each team allowed one alternate for a total of five players. In another first, the final rankings were determined by match points, not game points. In the event of a draw, the tie-break was decided by 1. Deducted Sonneborn-Berger; 2. Deducted sum of match points; 3. Game points.〔(FIDE Handbook ) Retrieved on 2012-09-03.〕 The time control for each game permitted each player 90 minutes their first 40 moves and 30 minutes for the rest of the game, with an additional 30 seconds increment for each player after each move, beginning with the first. As a new rule, no draws by agreement were permitted before 30 moves had been completed. Yet there were games drawn as soon as the 16th move, formally drawn by repetition against which there was no rule.〔http://schachlive.dresden2008.de/games/m/9/2/2/index.eng.html#autoresize〕 In addition, players who were not present at the board at the commencement of a round automatically forfeited the game. This rule was implemented to align chess with other sports events.〔(Let the Games Begin in Dresden ) uschess.org, Mike Klein, 13 November 2008〕 ==Open event== The open division was contested by 146 teams representing 141 nations. Germany, as hosts, fielded three teams, whilst the ''International Braille Chess Association'' (IBCA), the ''International Physically Disabled Chess Association'' (IPCA), and the ''International Committee of Silent Chess'' (ICSC) each provided one squad. Morocco were signed up, but never appeared for their first round match and were disqualified. Defending champions Armenia, once again led by Levon Aronian, clinched their second consecutive title. Despite being seeded only eighth, they won nine out of eleven matches, drew against fourth-placed Ukraine and lost only (1½-2½) to runners-up Israel, captained by Boris Gelfand. The Israelis finished one point behind Armenia. The United States, led by Gata Kamsky, took the bronze medals on a better tie break score than Vasyl Ivanchuk and the rest of the Ukrainian team after defeating Ukraine (3½-½) in the last round. Once again, the Russian team under captain Vladimir Kramnik were the pre-tournament favourites but finished disappointingly in fifth place. Kramnik, having recently lost a world championship match, performed well below his rating, as did the rest of the team, except alternate Dmitry Yakovenko who won the reserve board. Arguably the biggest surprise of the tournament was Vietnam, who weren't even seeded in the top 30, but still managed to finish in ninth place, aided somewhat by the new tournament structure which allotted them some weaker opponents, although they did manage a 2-2 result against China. The German hosts finished 13th, while India, without World Champion Viswanathan Anand, had to settle for 16th place. : : 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「38th Chess Olympiad」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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